Tourism publications

A series of documents and report can be downloaded from this page for free, on issues including responsible tourism, transfrontier conservation areas, nature-based tourism and ecotourism, tourism certification and tourism training.

1. SUSTAINABLE AND RESPONSIBLE TOURISM

- The value of avitourism for conservation and job creation - an analysis from South Africa (2011)
- The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity for local and regional policy makers (2010)
- Tourism product development interventions and best practices in sub-saharan Africa (2010)
- Biodiversity: My hotel in action. A guide to sustainable use of biological resources (2008)
- Climate change adaptation and mitigation in the tourism sector: Frameworks, Tools and Practices (2008)
- Responsible Tourism: Critical issues for Conservation and Development (2008)
- Responsible Tourism Practices by South African Tour Operators (2007)
- Making tourism more sustainable: a guide for policy makers (2005)
- Sustainable Nature-based Tourism Assessment Toolkit (SUNTAT) (2003)
- Responsible Tourism Handbook (2002)
- Responsible Tourism Manual (2002)
- The Development of Responsible Tourism Guidelines for South Africa (2002)

2. TRANSFRONTIER CONSERVATION AREAS

- Evolution and innovation in Wildlife Conservation: From Parks and Game Ranches to Transfrontier Conservation Areas (2009)
- Economic Impacts of Transfrontier Conservation Areas : Tourism in the Greater Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area (2008)
- Tourism in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park (2006)
- Tourism investment in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area (2005)
- Tourism in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area: Relating strategic visions to local activities that promote sustainable tourism development (2005)

3. NATURE BASED TOURISM AND ECOTOURISM

- Conservation enterprise – what works, where and for whom? (2010)
- Tourism for Nature and Development: A good practice guide (2010)
- Rwanda – The success of tourism in general and Gorilla tourism in particular (2010)
- Seminar on Ecotourism and Protected Areas in Africa: Contributing to community development and conservation. Summary Report (2008)
- Ecotourism: Benefits for conservation and local people? (2006)
- Nature based tourism and environmental sustainability in South Africa (2005)
- Economic analysis of Rhino conservation in a land-use context within the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) region (2005)
- Tourism, Local Livelihoods and the Private Sector in South Africa: Case studies on the growing role of the private sector in natural resources management (2003)
- Managing sustainable nature-based tourism in Southern Africa: A practical assessment tool (2003)
- Integrating Biodiversity into the Tourism Sector: South Africa (2001)
- Integrating Biodiversity into the Tourism Sector (2001)

4. POVERTY REDUCTION AND TOURISM

- Benefits to the poor from gorilla tourism in Rwanda (2010)
- Tourism and poverty alleviation: practical steps for destinations (2010)
- Strategies, Impacts and costs of Pro-poor Tourism Approaches in South Africa (2003)
- Pro-poor tourism strategies: Making tourism work for the poor: A review of experience (2001)
- Practical strategies for pro-poor tourism: Wilderness Safaris South Africa: Rocktail Bay and Ndumu Lodge (2001)

5. TOURISM CERTIFICATION

- The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity for local and regional policy makers (2010)
- Financing Tourism Certification (2006)
- Tourism certification in Africa (2004-6)

6. TRAINING TOOLS AND MATERIALS

- Training needs analysis (2010)
- International Trade Centre Tourism-Led Poverty Reduction Program tools:

• Opportunity study guidelines and value chain analysis materials (2009)
• Core training manual on inclusive tourism (2009)
• Training module for Agriculture (2009)

_____________________________________________________________________

1. SUSTAINABLE AND RESPONSIBLE TOURISM [ back to top]

Tourism directed at bird watching (avitourism) has become increasingly popular. In many lower and middle-income countries, including South Africa, avitourism is being applied in an effort to simultaneously achieve community development and biodiversity conservation. This paper presents the results of an exploratory investigation of 11 community-based avitourism projects in South Africa. Conservation benefits were measured with the Threat Reduction Assessment tool.  The projects were successful at reducing threats to sites where conservation was an explicit objective. Once involved in avitourism projects, the average monthly income earned by local bird guides increased from USD 114 to USD 362. The extent of income benefits was positively related to the extent of support to projects. Participants in the projects reported substantive capacity building and empowerment benefits. Success in delivering conservation, income and empowerment benefits was challenged by the local guide’s limited previous exposure to tourism and business, the guide’s lack of self assurance, cultural differences, and a requirement for sustained mentorship and support to overcome these barriers. The paper concludes that with adequate long-term support, avitourism projects can be a cost-effective way to create jobs and deliver conservation and human development benefits.

 Links :
Conservation and Society: www.conservationandsociety.org
Download here (1,800 KB, pdf file)

This report is planned to be a useful advisory tool for local and regional policymakers, administrators and managers. The information in this report will also be of interest to organisations such as NGOs, regulatory bodies, permitting agencies and the judicial system. It explores and gives practical guidance on how to deal with the challenge of biodiversity loss at a local and regional level. It examines what local governments can do with respect to natural resource use and management, maintaining and supporting biodiversity, local and regional urban and spatial design, as well as market-based approaches, such as Payment for Ecosystem Services.

Link:
TEEB -  www.teebweb.org/ForLocalandRegionalPolicy/tabid/1020/Default.aspx

The aim of this publication is to identify and describe the innovative and successful interventions that are making the most effective progress in terms of sustainable tourism in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).   Part 1 is a synthesis that presents the methods, models and mechanisms used to leverage tourism for poverty alleviation, employment generation and enterprise development in conjunction with the conservation of the environment and cultural heritage. This leads to a series of prioritized strategies and recommendations advisable to enable destinations in the region to compete more effectively on a global basis.

A series of case studies form Part 2 of the report. It includes case studies on (1) luxury wildlife tourism and the private sector: Wilderness Safaris and &Beyond; (2) the wildlife conservancy program in Namibia; (3) hiking tourism on Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania; (4) beach tourism in the Seychelles; (5) cultural tourism in Zanzibar; (6) cultural tourism in the Pays Dogon of Mali; and (7) business tourism in Nairobi, Kenya.

Links :
World Bank Africa Finance and Private Sector Development - click here
Synthesis report – Part 1:  Download here (1,686KB, pdf file)
Case studies – Part 2: Download here (646 KB, pdf file)

The guide is structured around the main operational areas of a hotel: restaurants, public areas, including the spa, guest rooms, hotel souvenir shops, hotel grounds and gardens. It also covers the relationships a hotel can establish with the surrounding community. For each of these areas, the guide provides management tips focusing on what can be done internally, with the suppliers, with the clients and with the community. The management tips are then complemented with technical fact sheets developed by TRAFFIC, the wildlife trade monitoring network, listing conservation issues and advice on which species to choose and which to avoid.

Links :
IUCN - http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/iucn_hotel_guide_final.pdf
Download here (3,286 KB, pdf file)

This document forms part of the “UNEP Manuals on Sustainable Tourism” and the UNWTO sustainable tourism policy guidebooks publication series, aiming to provide guidance to tourism stakeholders to integrate sustainability into their decision making processes and operations. It presents an overview of the current science and policy of climate change, followed by self-guidance material on mitigation and adaptation, exploring tools, methods and techniques associated with the management of climate change in tourism. It also identifies examples of good practice from which stakeholders might learn in order to develop their own capacities for implementing climate change strategies.

Links :
UNEP- www.unep.fr/scp/publications/details.asp?id=DTI/1047/PA
Download here (3,286 KB, pdf file)

All too often conservation efforts are seen to be in conflict with local livelihoods and resource use. As more land and natural resources are incorporated into protected areas ‘responsible tourism’ is often invoked as a way to serve both conservation ends and support local livelihoods and promote economic development. Yet does it actually work in practice?

Employing a series of case studies by practitioners from across southern Africa - one of the testing grounds for the idea that responsible tourism can promote biodiversity conservation and poverty alleviation - this book provides a comprehensive, evidence based examination of the range of issues of what works and what does not.

The book opens with an overview of the issues, examines what sustainable and responsible tourism mean in practice and how they can contribute to conservation, poverty alleviation and local economic development.

PART 1 provides a rich examination of policies and institutional activities in responsible tourism by governments, donor agencies and non-governmental organizations in South Africa, Madagascar and Mozambique.

PART 2 considers nature based tourism across southern Africa, looking at local economic development, local benefits from tourism (such as equity and employment), supply and demand for responsible tourism, the economics of wildlife tourism, transfrontier conservation areas, ecological impacts of tourism and a host of other issues.

PART 3 looks at community based tourism in more detail with case studies of various projects drawn from across the region including Namibia, Zimbabwe, Zambia and from as far north as Tanzania.

The book concludes with a detailed synthesis of the key findings with implications for policy, management and the business side of tourism.

This is an essential reference and a unique and rich source of cases studies and salient insights for professionals and academics from across conservation, development and tourism.

Links :
Earthscan - www.earthscan.co.uk
Download Earthscan flyer here (690 KB, pdf file)
Download the contents list here (79 KB, pdf file)

In 2001 a survey was published by Tearfund on the responsible business practices reported by UK-based tour operators. This survey revealed that most tour operators had examples of where their operations were making a positive difference to the lives of local people. At that time, the report noted that responsible and ethical tourism issues were not mainstream, but the move was certainly in that direction. This research for the International Centre for Responsible Tourism replicated the Tearfund study in South Africa, in order to evaluate the extent to which South African tour operators were practicing responsible tourism activities, given the context of a post-apartheid country that has considerable poverty problems, but a country that has had responsible tourism guidelines since 2002. South African tour operators attending the annual national travel trade market "Indaba" in 2006 participated in the study by completing a self-administered questionnaire. They were asked about local benefits that their business generated, donations, partnerships, impacts on the natural and cultural environment, training, policies and tourist demand for responsible tourism. This report presents the results of the study.

Links :
The International Centre for Responsible Tourism - www.icrtourism.org
Download here (360 KB, pdf file)

This guide jointly developed by UNEP and the WTO’s is a joint effort to condense all aspects of sustainability of tourism into a single publication. In addition to earlier work by WTO and UNEP, an extensive research survey was undertaken within WTO Member States, in 2003 and 2004, was used to identify specific policies and tools applied in their territories that had effectively contributed to making their tourism sector more sustainable. The conclusions drawn and the policies and tools recommended in this Guide are based on real cases that have proven to be effective and successful in achieving the aims of sustainable development.

Links :
UNEP- www.unep.fr/shared/publications/pdf/DTIx0592xPA-TourismPolicyEN.pdf
Download here (3,459 KB, pdf file)

Developed as part of a doctoral thesis, this toolkit allows you to evaluate the environmental, socio-cultural and economic sustainability of nature-based tourism enterprises. The toolkit has been tested at four safari lodges in South Africa (Ngala Private Game Reserve, Jackalberry Lodge, Sabi Sabi and Pretoriuskop Camp) and a community-based tourism enterprise in Mozambique (Covane Community Lodge).

Download toolkit files here:

SUNTAT main text (760 KB, pdf file)
Appendix 1 (3 files): Community Database; Social assessment questionnaire; Social Answer Sheet
Appendix 2: Employment and training
Appendix 3: Enterprise purchasing database
Appendix 4 (3 files): Energy use (1), Energy use (2), Energy use (3)
Appendix 5 (3 files): Water use (1), Water use (2), Water use (3)

This handbook uses South Africa’s Responsible Tourism Guidelines as a basis for practical examples and tips on responsible tourism. It is directed at owners and operators of tourism establishments. Tourism associations are encouraged to distribute the handbook to their members.

The booklet is divided into economic, social and environmental chapters. Each part simply outlines the issues and actions with illustrations of good practice in South Africa.

Greening the World Summit on Sustainable Development initiative produced the handbook, based on the technical Responsible Tourism Manual produced for the Department for Environmental Affairs and Tourism (see below).

Links:
International Centre for Responsible Tourism - www.icrtourism.org
Download here (1865 KB, pdf file)

This manual was developed for the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, and aims to provide established as well as community-based tourism enterprises with information about “responsible tourism” and the opportunities that it presents for improving business performance. Specific to South Africa, and in line with current international best practice, the manual contains a range of practical and cost-effective responsible actions available to tourism businesses and tourism associations.

The document refers to many useful sources of information and examples of best practice that can help to guide users’ implementation of responsible business activities. The contents of this manual are thus intended to initiate a process - of working responsibly, setting targets, self-monitoring and showcasing achievements to customers, staff, the tourism sector, suppliers, neighbours and other relevant parties.

Links:
Department for Environmental Affairs and Tourism - www.environment.gov.za
International Centre for Responsible Tourism - www.icrtourism.org
Download here (2304 KB, pdf file)

Description of the process that led to the development of responsible tourism guidelines in South Africa.

Links: Natural Resources Institute - www.nri.org/NRET/nret.htm
Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism - www.environment.gov.za
Download here (76 KB, pdf file)

2. TRANSFRONTIER CONSERVATION AREAS [ back to top]

This is an indispensable reference for protected area and land managers, development practitioners and academics and students in conservation, land management, development and geography. Based on the most widespread research to date, this book provides a record of the evolving thought and approaches to achieving conservation in southern Africa. Early chapters deal with the traditional ‘fines and fences’ conservation that occurred in the colonial and early post-independence period. The final section deals with more recent innovations in the sector, focusing on building and strengthening the relationships between parks and society.

Links :
Earthscan - www.earthscan.co.uk
Download Earthscan flyer here (690 KB, pdf file)

The aim of this study was to establish the economic impacts of tourism accommodation and activities in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area (GLTFCA). The objectives included to:

- Establish the impacts of accommodation and tours operating in the TFCA;
- Establish levels of local benefits in relation to enterprise equity, local employment and wages from tourism in the GLTFCA;
- Ascertain revenues generated by tourism from tours and accommodation; and
- Establish whether the GLTFCA has an impact on tourism development.

This report prepared for the IUCN-Southern African Sustainable Use Specialist Group presents the results of this research.

Links :
IUCN-SASUSG - www.sasusg.net
Download here (2,225 KB, pdf file)

The Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park (GLTP) is a transboundary protected area that straddles the borders of Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe. This paper describes current state and private sector tourism within the GLTP and planning initiatives that may promote responsible tourism, and describes the achievements by community-based tourism enterprises and public–private partnerships in generating economic, social and environmental benefits. The livelihoods of people living in the park are outlined in relation to government policies on land redistribution, resettlement and options for the future, and progress in biodiversity conservation and responsible nature-based tourism development within the GLTP over the past five years is evaluated.

Links :
Development Southern Africa - http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/0376835x.asp
Download here (324 KB, pdf file)

A scoping report detailing the status of tourism investment in the areas of Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe located within the Great Limpopo TFCA. An analysis of the drivers and constraints to sustainable tourism investment is also presented.

Links :
Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park - www.greatlimpopopark.com
Download here (1405 KB, pdf file)

The aim of the tourism workshop was to critically discuss whether the Great Limpopo TFCA is evolving into a destination conducive to sustainable tourism, and to develop practical recommendations. The report summarises fourteen presentations that were made on issues including the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park institutional structure, biodiversity conservation, tourism investment, South African National Parks’ concessioning processes, revenue sharing in the TFCA and community based tourism (i.e. Makuleke, Covane community lodge, Sengwe area, birding tourism). A synthesis of a SWOT analysis on four themes is also presented:

• Facilitating investment for sustainable tourism in the Great Limpopo (GL)TFCA;
• Improving livelihoods for the poor in and around the GLTFCA through tourism;
• Key components for responsible community based tourism in GLTFCA; and
• Land rights and resettlement issues, economic reform and empowerment.

The proceedings are intended for use by those who have an interest in tourism development in the Great Limpopo TFCA, but may also have wider uses for those working on other transboundary areas.

Links :
Transboundary Protected Areas Research Initiative - www.wits.ac.za/tpari/
Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park - www.greatlimpopopark.com
Download here (1655 KB, pdf file)

3. NATURE BASED TOURISM AND ECOTOURISM [ back to top]

This paper was produced as a contribution to an international symposium on biodiversity conservation and poverty reduction organised by the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), UNEP-World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) and African Wildlife Foundation (AWF) which was held at the Zoological Society of London on 28th-29th April 2010. The paper is structured around the following questions:

1) What impact has conservation enterprise had on poverty reduction?
2) Which groups of poor people benefit most from conservation enterprise?
3) What types of enterprises work best to link local livelihood and conservation gains?
4) What are the necessary conditions for success?
5) What are the limits of and biggest challenges to using enterprise as a conservation strategy?
6) What aspects of biodiversity get conserved better through this approach? What cannot be conserved through this approach?

Links:
Symposium paper link - www.povertyandconservation.info/docs/20101015-ZSL_Symposium-Enterprise_Paper_Final_2010-Nagoya.pdf
Symposium report: http://povertyandconservation.info/docs/20100901_ZSL_Symposium_Report.pdf
Download here (1159 KB, pdf file)

This Good Practice Guide aims to provide stakeholders with the tools to make the tourism sector more biodiversity friendly, and more socially just. It addresses links between tourism development, biological diversity conservation, and development / poverty reduction. It aims to raise awareness of the suite of sustainable tourism tools which have been tested globally and have demonstrated benefits to biodiversity and development. The guide:

• Outlines the status and trends of global tourism in terms of its effects on biodiversity and development
• Introduce public decision-makers to the available toolbox of techniques, technologies and procedures that optimize the social and environmental contributions of tourism and minimize negative impacts
• Introduce good practices on the interface between tourism, development and biodiversity
• Assists Parties to the CBD in establishing tourism development policies, strategies, plans and projects that consider poverty reduction and biodiversity
• Provide suggestions for organising tourism training and workshop sessions
• Provide a checklist of good-practices to assess the degree to which the recommendations of the guide have been adopted in a specific destination, region, or country;
• Provide sources and references where readers can find more detailed information

This paper was prepared as a background paper for the World Bank’s Africa Success Stories Study. The paper reviews the growth of gorilla viewing tourism in Rwanda, and considers the overall strategy and vision, marketing, the business environment and also implications for communities and conservation.

Links:
World Bank link- http://siteresources.worldbank.org/AFRICAEXT/Resources/258643-1271798012256/Tourism_Rwanda.pdf
Download here (378 KB, pdf file)

This seminar was held in Maputo, Mozambique, in November 2008. It focused on the contribution of ecotourism to community development, poverty reduction and financing of protected areas, as well as related social and environmental issues, offering a forum to address the following questions, among others:

• How can policies and destination plans create enabling environments to support the development of high quality ecotourism products, community enterprises and services and other poverty-reduction mechanisms recommended by UNWTO, as well as revenue generation for protected areas, and transfrontier conservation areas?

• How can partnerships be established between protected area and tourism authorities, tourism companies and local communities, and what mechanisms make them function effectively?

• What actions and support mechanisms are needed to build up local supply chains for tourism, linking local services and products and spread the benefits of tourism activities in broader regions, surrounding protected areas that are already established destinations?

• What consultation, coordination and capacity building processes can be applied to empower local communities in decision making processes regarding planning and management of tourism in and around protected areas?

• What is the role of community-based tourism organizations in strengthening small community businesses, and how these can be supported?

• How can tourism be used to develop innovative and creative financing mechanisms for the conservation of protected areas, how these funds can be retained and best used at the sites, and what policies are needed to make these happen?

• How can ecotourism activities be effectively linked with other forms of tourism (like conventional beach tourism) and special events (like the FIFA World Cup in South Africa in 2010?).

• How can the overall socio-economic impacts of ecotourism be evaluated and monitored, and how this information can be best communicated to policy-makers and managers?

This event was intended to provide opportunities for countries in the region to present experiences and examples, as well as analyzing the case of Mozambique and the Great Limpopo National Park, in order to reflect and discuss on the opportunities and challenges of ecotourism, related policy issues and management techniques. The seminar aimed at providing a practical experience for policy makers, managers, operators and development organizations involved in ecotourism, through dynamic exchanges and concrete examples.

Links:
United Nations World Tourism Organization Official Proceedings -
Download here (682 KB, pdf file)

This article was written for the Wildlife and Environment Society of South Africa, and reviews examples of ecotourism in Southern Africa, and demonstrates some of the positive examples emerging from the private sector, non-governmental organizations, community-based tourism enterprises and government.

Links :
African Wildlife - http://www.wessa.org.za/publicationsAWLlatest.asp
Download here (3 253 KB, pdf file)

Environmental impacts of tourism from four photographic wildlife tourism enterprises in South Africa are described. This paper from the Journal of Sustainable Tourism presents qualitative and quantitative data that was collected from Ngala Private Game Reserve, Pretoriuskop camp in Kruger National Park, Jackalberry Lodge, and Sabi Sabi using the Sustainable Nature-Based Tourism Assessment Toolkit (SUNTAT). Issues of best practice, motivations for responsible tourism and local livelihood strategies are reviewed.

Links:
The Journal of Sustainable Tourism - www.channelviewpublications.com
Download here (431 KB, pdf file)

Market analysis of the value of black and white rhino in relation to land use in southern Africa. Evaluations of the Save Valley conservancies in Zimbabwe, the Torra and Puros conservancies in Namibia, Hluhluwe-Umfolozi and Phinda in South Africa.

Links :
Download here (1768 KB, pdf file)

Research in Southern Africa led to the development of this Sustainable Nature-Based Tourism Assessment Toolkit (SUNTAT). The doctoral thesis details the process of literature review, Delphi consultation and field tests that were used to form this reliable toolkit.

Download here (3649 KB, pdf file)

Changing institutional arrangements and policies in tourism and how they affect the poor and their access to natural resources are explored. Seventeen case studies from South Africa, Mozambique and Zimbabwe are used to illustrate how different stakeholders have influenced rural livelihoods.

The studies include Phumlani Lodge, Amadiba Adventures, Vilanculos Coastal Wildlife Sanctuary, the Makuleke, South African National Parks, the Greater St. Lucia Wetland park and the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park. Driving forces behind the initiatives and the degree to which the poor have influenced them are explored.

Link: Institute of Development Studies - www.ids.ac.uk/go/home
Download here (875 KB, pdf file)

The UNDP/UNEP/GEF Biodiversity Planning Support Programme (BPSP) commissioned this paper as one of twelve national studies on the integration of biodiversity into the tourism sector. The studies were specifically focused on how to incorporate global best practice into national biodiversity strategies and action plans.

Links: Biodiversity Planning Support Programme - www.unep.org/bpsp/HTML%20files/TS-Tourism.html
Download here (194 KB, pdf file)

A synthesis of lessons learned on how to incorporate global best tourism practice into practical activities that promote conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Twelve national case studies on integration of biodiversity and tourism in countries with a broad spectrum of biodiversity, economic and political profiles: Belize, Botswana, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Kazakhstan, Korea, Mexico, Peru, Seychelles, South Africa and Trinidad & Tobago.

Links: Biodiversity Planning Support Programme - www.undp.org/BPSP
Download here (836 KB, pdf file)

4. POVERTY REDUCTION AND TOURISM [ back to top]

Tourism is currently the leading export sector in Rwanda and is growing. The country is famous for the rare mountain gorillas of the Parc National des Volcans. This paper uses information from value chain analysis studies, complementary research and stakeholder testimonies to reveal the benefits that accrue to people living around the Park. It quantifies pro-poor income and non-financial benefits from gorilla tourism, and describes the opportunities for the poor to become economically involved in the value chains relating to accommodation, food and beverages, excursions and shopping, and the barriers to their involvement. To increase local benefits from gorilla tourism and other tourism activities around the Park, the authors recommend stimulating the activities of the private sector, increasing the number of joint venture agreements, enhancing opportunities for local employment and career progression, and improving business linkages with entrepreneurs and entertainers.

Links:
Taylor and Francis - www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a929071821~db=all~jumptype=rss

With the aim of contributing to the understanding of tourism as a tool for poverty alleviation and sustainable development, UNWTO jointly with SNV has produced this publication, which outlines some practical steps that can be taken in tourism destinations to shape and manage tourism in ways which deliver more benefits to disadvantaged individuals and communities. The manual looks at the process of analysing a tourism destination in terms of current contribution of tourism to the poor and planning how this could be strengthened in the future. It proposes the establishment of a tourism strategy and action plan based on this analysis which embraces pro-poor concerns and actions and provides guidance on planning monitoring and evaluation. Furthermore it contains an indicative programme of training sessions, including handouts, using the material contained in the manual.

Links:
UNWTO - http://pub.world-tourism.org:81/epages/Store.sf/%20?ViewObjectID=1798215&Currency=USD

This volume reviews the experience of pro-poor tourism strategies based on six commissioned case studies. The case studies used a common methodology developed within this project. The case study work was undertaken mainly between September and December 2000, and the synthesis work in January to March 2001.

Links:
Pro-poor tourism: www.propoortourism.org.uk/ppt_report.pdf
Download here (639 KB, pdf file)

Strategies used by five private sector tourism enterprises to address poverty alleviation and local economic development are compared. Economic impacts of activities by Phinda, Sabi Sabi, Jackalberry Lodge, Coral Divers, and Sun City are presented in simple tables. Perceptions of local community members of the tourism interventions are also described.

The paper considers the effectiveness of different strategies in alleviating poverty and explores key problems and constraints.

Link:
Pro-Poor Tourism- www.propoortourism.org.uk
Download here (371 KB, pdf file)

Rocktail Bay and Ndumu are joint-ventures where the local communities have partial ownership with the private sector and conservation organisations. Socio-economic impacts of these Wilderness Safaris tourism operations in KwaZulu-Natal are presented.

Link: Pro-Poor Tourism - www.propoortourism.org.uk
Download here (223 KB, pdf file)


5. TOURISM CERTIFICATION [ back to top)

The objective of the International Ecotourism Society study was to propose strategies and mechanisms to help sustainable tourism certification programs achieve long-term financial viability. The study looked at financial models and mechanisms used by certification program from other industries (such as organic produce and forestry) and from various tourism certification programs from around the world. In this report seven non-tourism certification programs and one non-tourism accreditation program to determine which experiences were applicable to tourism. In addition, 33 tourism certification programs working in the United States, Latin America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Africa were evaluated to examine their financial structures and strategies, as well as listen to their recommendations. Representatives of 12 funding bodies and two non-governmental organizations (NGOs) supporting sustainable tourism or green certification in the United States, Latin America, and Africa were interviewed to determine their funding priorities and interests; find out what types of relevant projects and programs they have supported; and elicit recommendations for how to help sustainable tourism certification and accreditation bodies become more financially sustainable.

Links :
The International Ecotourism Society - http:/www.ecotourism.org
Download here ( 878 KB, pdf file)

The International Ecotourism Society commissioned a series of studies on tourism certification in Africa, with support from the Ford Foundation. Schemes covered include Fair Trade in Tourism South Africa, Green Globe 21, Blue Flag, the Heritage Ecotourism Rating scheme and the EcoRating scheme. Three reports describe the certification systems, and outline issues relating to marketing, incentives, monitoring and their economic, social and environmental criteria.

Links:
The International Ecotourism Society - www.ecotourism.org

Financing Tourism Certification in Africa (2006)
Download here (188 KB, pdf file)

Tourism certification initiatives in Africa (2005)
Download here (217 KB, pdf file)

Tourism certification in Africa: Economic, social and environmental criteria (2005)
Download here (216 KB, pdf file)

Tourism certification in Africa: Marketing, incentives and monitoring (2004)
Download here (190 KB, pdf file)

6. TOURISM TRAINING [ back to top]

SNV commissioned the Overseas Development Institute to facilitate a training course in value chain analysis and development in Nairobi in 2009 for SNV Tourism Advisors, based on the International Trade Centre’s Opportunity Study Guidelines (see below). The courses were adapted and used for a broad A series of presentations used in this training course can be downloaded below.

Links:
Overseas Development Institute - www.odi.org.uk
Tourism-led poverty reduction program, International Trade Centre: http://www.intracen.org/exporters/tourism/workshops/

Download Presentation 1- Introduction (673 KB, pdf file)
Download Presentation 2-Preparing a mission (287 KB, pdf file)
Download Presentation 3- Mapping the big picture (324 KB, pdf file)
Download Presentation 4- Where the poor participate (1134 KB, pdf file)
Download Presentation 5- Upgrading (296 KB, pdf file)
Download Presentation 6- Conducting fieldwork interviews (327 KB, pdf file)
Download Presentation 7- Tracking revenue flows and PPI (767 KB, pdf file)
Download Presentation 8- Where to intervene (369 KB, pdf file)
Download Presentation 9- Developing a long list (306 KB, pdf file)
Download Presentation 10- Developing the short list (307 KB, pdf file

This report explains how to carry out an Inclusive Tourism project, and the key steps that need to be accounted for. It gives indication of the type of information to be gathered fundamental for conducting an Inclusive Tourism pilot project, namely: the identification of "winner" tourism products and services with market potential as well as the community that produce or could produce the selected tourism products and services; building partnerships with tourism support institutions fully committed with the Inclusive Tourism objectives and capable of replicating the pilot project; explains how to develop a work plan.

Links:
Tourism-led poverty reduction program, International Trade Centre: www.intracen.org/exporters/tourism/
Download here (1,425 KB, pdf file)

This core manual on Enhancing Local Community Involvement in the Tourism Sector provides an introduction to the tourism sector, and how it can contribute to poverty reduction. It provides an overview of potential involvement of local people and ways to expand the tourism supply chains, while recognising socially and environmentally sustainable practices. The module aims to impart an understanding of the tourism sector in general, and the potential linkages that can be created between local people and the tourism sector, and potential costs and benefits.

Links:
Tourism-led poverty reduction program, International Trade Centre: www.intracen.org/poverty-reduction/TPRP_Tourism-led_Poverty_Reduction_Programme/TPRP_what-is-it.htm
Download here (3,493 KB, pdf file)

This agricultural training module aims to impart an understanding of the agricultural sector as a whole, as well as the potential linkages that can be created between poor farmers and the tourism sector, with their prospective costs and benefits. The target audience includes representatives of community institutions, potential and existing private sector partners, government representatives involved in the tourism sector or other related industries, and local support organisations (NGOs).

Links:
Tourism-led poverty reduction program, International Trade Centre: www.intracen.org/poverty-reduction/TPRP_Tourism-led_Poverty_Reduction_Programme/TPRP_what-is-it.htm
Download here (1,741 KB, pdf file)

An evaluation of tourism management education in nine African countries (Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, and Zambia) among both tertiary and technical vocational education institutions and the private sector. This report summarizes the findings presented to the International Finance Corporation Global Business School Network.

Links:
Download here (1,410 KB, pdf file)

A Community-Based Tourism Enterprise directory was developed in 2006 as an initiative of the United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO), the Regional Tourism Organisation for Southern Africa (RETOSA), and the Netherlands Development Organisation SNV. As part of this project Market Access Training Manual was devised, which provides simple guidance for community-based enterprises to increase their accessibility to the marketplace. It includes clear information with examples and exercises on market access, unique selling points, pricing, commissions, advanced bookings and channels to markets.

Links :
Community-based Tourism enterprise online directory for Southern Africa - www.community-tourism-africa.com
Market Access Training Manual - Download here (956 KB, pdf file)